Here is an excerpt from my note about poolish that is handed out to PANARY students when they attend a course which has used this type of sponge in one or two of the breads on the programme.

POOLISH

This is the French term for a type of pre-fermentation that forms a portion of the dough into which it is incorporated many hours later or, possibly, the next day. It belongs in the category of the large family of what we call in English “sponges” and “ferments”, and some would call it a “starter ”.

One of its distinctive features is that it is a fairly liquid fermented culture, and in modern baking is usually made with equal amounts of flour and water. It is leavened with factory-made baker’s yeast, and is prepared with part of the main dough’s flour and water. The rest of the dough’s flour, water, salt, and yeast are added at dough-making time. Its flour as a proportion of total flour ranges from 15% – 50%.

In large commercial quantities, in the ambient warmth of a bakery, if the poolish is set to mature slowly over 8-10 hours or more, the amount of yeast added is miniscule, being only 0.1%, which is one gram of yeast to each kilogram of flour. Household bakers could use a little more. When I prepare a tiny poolish at night for a small dough in the morning I describe the amount of fresh yeast used as being the size of a green pea. If conditions were cold, or it was going to sit for less than 8 hours, enlarge the green pea to a marrow-fat pea. With dried yeast, it is only a pinch, denoting an eighth or a tenth of a teaspoon.

As a preliminary fermentation its function in breadmaking is to bestow benefits on the final dough. The benefits are many: flavour, moisture retention, and the creation of the open structure with large and randomly distributed gas bubbles so peculiar to the continental style of breads. Hence it is commonly associated with the baguette. The Parisian baguette was developed as bakers copied the remarkable and innovative pastry and bread methods of Vienna. These innovations occurred in the mid-nineteenth century, probably in the late 1840’s, just before fresh baker’s yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) began to be made in factories. At that time, when bread bakers still obtained their yeast from beer brewers (also saccharomyces cerevisiae) a shortage of yeast occurred when many brewers were changing from top-fermenting tanks to bottom-fermenting. Collection of yeast froth is easy from top-fermenters, but difficult from the bottom fermenting types of beer.

The sponge method certainly makes a small amount of initial yeast go further. For a short period the style and skills of Polish bakers must have influenced the Austrians. We assume the Poles’ technique became known as the poolish. Its sparse use of yeast would have continued to be attractive to the bakers of the 1850’s when compressed yeast remained scarce and expensive, being a new product.

A poolish must be set to work at room temperature for at least 3 – 8 hours before it is added to a dough, possibly 12 – 15 hours if conditions are cool. On the other hand, if conditions are warm, after 3 – 4 hours it would be wise to put it in a refrigerator. Although it starts with only a small amount of yeast it gets surprisingly active at room temperature because after about 5 hours those yeast cells start to reproduce. They will continue to multiply while they have food. (In any type of dough or sponge yeast will begin to reproduce after some 4 to 6 hours). After its long fermentation period the poolish will be classed as mature and ready for use because by then the feeding yeast will have created acids and by-products from their fermentation activity, and these will greatly enhance the dough that receives the poolish. More yeast has to be used if it is expected to reach maturity in a shorter time, such as 4 – 5 hours. There will be more flavour in the final bread, the crumb will be porous and open while giving a satisfactory chewiness, and the bread will retain its moisture for longer – meaning it is slower to stale.

The appearance of it when ripe reveals many bubbles on its surface, with the gas bubbles looking as though they are pushing upwards to burst. It is classed as over-ripe if it has begun to sink or settle down, and is no longer appearing to be moving upward. When over-ripe it may reveal around the sides of its storage vessel a line indicating the “high-tide” level that it had reached before sinking or collapsing.

Suggested poolish:

500 gm breadmaking white flour

500 ml water

½-1 gm fresh yeast ( ⅛-¼ teaspoon dried yeast)

Mix until a loose, batter-like dough is formed, with no dry patches.

Cover the bowl you have mixed it in, and put it aside in a quiet place for it to ferment for 8 to 12 hours.

That’s it. I hope you enjoy working with sponges and tinkering with poolish in particular. Good baking, Paul

Making good buns
Here are some general tips for making memorable buns.

Be generous with all the enriching ingredients: an extra egg; 10-15% more butter than normal; 20% more fruit (currants, sultanas, etc.; a little extra spice. [Remember – adding egg and butter may mean you have to call up a little more flour].

Spices: you are rewarded if you grind them on the baking day, everything is so zingy and flavoursome. In my bakery I would ask all staff to put in an extra hour right before bun season, and out would come the old coffee grinders. There would ensue a frenzy of grinding and sieving, followed by re-grinding of the coarse bits caught in the sieves . Gradually a huge mound of freshly ground spices would rise on a large sheet of brown paper on the work table. About two kilos or more.

Here’s my favourite blend: allspice and cloves are the hotties, and when eating the bun they hit the tongue and the front of the mouth! Be careful not to overdo them…

nutmeg, cinnamon, & cumin are the sweeter and more gentle ones, and they comprise the bulk of the mix

a little more depth and warmth? add ground ginger

Ferment your dough as for normal buns, remembering that with such a rich and spiced dough it is best to watch that the first rise achieves less puffiness than a normal bread dough. For such rich doughs I would always make a ferment (in the English baker’s lexicon a ferment = wet sponge, highly yeasted).

Crossing. See the photo at the top. Keep the piping nozzle well above the buns as you swish along. The buns must be placed on the trays in neat rows to enable accurate piping.

The Piping Mix. It should be runny, like a batter that falls easily from the whisk when it is raised above the mix. Don’t select a wide nozzle, but it should not be too thin. The nozzle I like to use is 4mm. The runny mix and the width of nozzle means that you should only need to squeeze the piping bag gently to have it streaming out. Here’s the mix:

100 gm bread flour

100 gm plain flour

Rub into the flours half a tablespoon of veg oil

450-500 ml water

Beat with a whisk into a smooth batter

Red dyed eggs for Greek Easter plaits (tsoureki)
A rich burgundy red, these dyed eggs are sunk into easily expanded gaps between the strands of the enriched 3-strand plait that is the normal style of this bread.

The photo below shows them ready for final proving, each plait getting one egg, but you can insert two or three into the plait if you like. The dyed eggs have to be inserted fairly deeply to avoid them exploding in the oven.

Here is the recipe for the dye, a simple and natural affair that you would find cloth and wool dyers have used for millenia. In the kitchen save your onion skins for a week or two.

TO MAKE RED EGGS

12 uncooked eggs

skins from 15 Spanish onions (brown)

2 tabspns white vinegar

4½ cups water

Put skins, vinegar and water in a saucepan, bring to boil, simmer for 30 minutes. It will look orange.

Strain into a glass/ceramic bowl (plastic gets stained)

In a stainless steel pan, add cooled, strained dye and the eggs – in one layer totally covered by dye.

Boil over medium heat, cover and simmer 12-15 minutes to redden the eggs. Take out the eggs with a slotted spoon.

When the eggs are dry gently coat them with veg oil. One way to do this would be to rub them with an oil-soaked piece of kitchen paper.

In our series on Table Skills, moulding for a tin is a continuation of the discipline of rolling dough into a tight cylinder. Achieving the tight cylinder is the final action.

Begin by turning the piece out onto the table with its rough side facing up. Proceed to pat out any gas as well as stretch the piece sideways, as shown in the first two pics.

Now you do what, with students, I call a “flip-flop”: turn one end inwards, the other folded over it, so that each movement denotes one-third of the width, as these two pics show.

Before the tight rolling of the cylinder, a preparatory step is to turn it over at the top towards you to have it ready for the rolling. See pic:

And now for the tight rolling. Thumbs have to be placed wide and flat as they exert pressure that ensures the rolling is tight and efficient. Next two pics are the view from each side

As the pressure of the flat thumbs is released you roll it up towards you just a little with the outspread fingers, then return to the flat/wide thumbs position to keep it tight. The action is jerky as you gently push with the fingers, release, then roll a little. Continue with a few of these jerky actions until it is entirely rolled up into a cylinder, as shown in next two pics. Third and final pic shows it being picked up, seam down, to be placed in the tin.

Happy moulding!
Paul

I received this method from the first wily old baker that I employed in my own first bakery. As he gave it to me all he said was – here’s a good method that lets you work in all the off-cuts.

SWEET PASTRY for 40 small mince pies
This recipe is a professional baker’s method. It is capable of being worked and mixed again and again, so that the off-cuts from each session of cutting bases and lids from a sheet of pastry can be returned to the mass, and the whole batch mixed again to incorporate these off-cuts. Surprisingly, this endless remixing can be achieved without the pastry toughening and shrinking.

Take the butter cold from the refrigerator.

Mix together:

500 gm flour – not very strong 600 gm cold butter 350 gm sugar

Add, and mix in thoroughly 100 ml water + vanilla

Add, and mix thoroughly 500 gm flour

It is now ready to use. Off-cuts can be mixed back into the batch by hand or machine.

Christmas MINCE PIE filling
150 gm suet or 125 ml veg oil

300 gm diced apple

150 gm brown sugar

150 gm sultanas

150 gm currants

100 gm raisins

50 gm diced peel

brandy

spice

zest and juice of a lemon